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RUFOUS SCALE Selenaspidis articulatus (Morgan) -- Homoptera, Diaspididae (Contacts) ----- CLICK on Photo to enlarge &
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called the West Indies scale, Rufous scale is distributed throughout tropical
and subtropical regions of the world (Kennett et al. 1999). It is regarded as a pest only in certain
citrus producing areas of the West Indies and northern South America, however
(Talhouk 1975). Rufous scale was
found as damaging to citrus in Peru as California red scale (Wille 1952.
Beingolea 1969). Studies showed the
ineffectiveness of resident natural enemy complexes. Aphytis
lingnanensis was introduced there
in 1962, but failed to establish
(Beingolea 1969). Ebeling's
(1959) report that rufous scale was native to Africa stimulated explorations
in Uganda in 1970. From several
shipments made to Peru, a new species of Aphytis,
later described as A. roseni DeBach & Gordh), was
successfully established (Herrera 1964, Bartra 1974). Complete biological control was obtained
in coastal areas by 1975 (Rosen & DeBach 1978). REFERENCES: [Additional references may be found at: MELVYL
Library ] Bartra, C. E. 1974. Biology of Selenaspidis articulatus
Morgan and its principal biological control agents. Rev. Peru Ent. 17:
60-8. Beingolea, O. 1969. Biological control of citrus pests in
Peru. Proc. 1st Intern. Citrus Symp.,
Riverside, Calif. 2: 827-38. Ebeling, W. 1959. Subtropical Fruit Pests. Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Sci. 436 p. Herrera, J. M. 1964. Ciclos biológicos
de las queresas de los cítricos en la costa central. Rev. Peruana Ent. 7: 1-8. Kennett, C., J. A. McMurtry & J. Beardsley. 1999.
Subtropical and tropical crops.
In: Bellows, T. S. & T. W. Fisher
(eds.). 1999. Handbook of Biological Control:
Principles and Applications.
Academic Press, San Diego, New York.
1046 p. Rosen, D. & P. DeBach. 1978. Diaspididae. In: C. P. Clausen (ed.), Introduced Parasites
and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds.
U.S.D.A. Agric. Handbk. No. 480, Washington, D.C. 545 p. Talhouk, A. S. 1975. Citrus pests throughout the world. Citrus Tech. Monogr. No.
4, p. 21-24. Ciba-Geigy,
Basel, Switzerland. Wille, J. 1952. Entomologia Agr. Peru, 2nd
ed. Min. Agric., Lima. |